Some historians question whether the traditional story of Islam’s origins fully reflects reality, pointing to gaps in early evidence, the late compilation of texts, and influences from Jewish, ...

IN A LETTER WRITTEN to the al Qaeda leadership in early 2004, Abu Musab Zarqawi described the Iraqi Kurds in less than favorable terms. As far as Zarqawi was concerned, they were “a Trojan horse” who ...

Re-emergence of Iranian identity after conversion to Islam / Ehsan Yarshater -- Survival of Iranianness / Hugh Kennedy -- The persistent older heritage in the Medieval Iranian lands / C. Edmund ...

The world that had been Rome -- The formation of post-Roman society -- The Romano-Germanic kingdoms : the era of Theoderic and Clovis -- The view from the East : crisis, survival, and renewal -- ...

Between the fall of Rome and the European voyages of discovery, no event was more significant than the rise of Islam. Within the span of a few centuries, the Islamic empires blossomed, projecting ...