Life on Earth has long been understood to run on two main energy sources. One comes from sunlight, captured by photosynthesis. The other comes from chemical reactions, such as microbes feeding on ...

We all love the heart of our homes – the kitchen. It’s where we cook mouthwatering meals, share laughter, and make memories. However, between the appliances and gadgets, your kitchen can be a ...

Living cells pay a hidden energy price not just to run chemical reactions, but to keep them on track and block all the alternatives. A new thermodynamic framework makes it possible to calculate these ...